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From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 January 2017) [foldoc]:
Message Transfer Agent
Mail Transfer Agent
Mail Transport Agent
Message Transport Agent
(MTA, Mail Transfer Agent) Any program responsible
for delivering e-mail messages. Upon receiving a message
from a Mail User Agent or another MTA, often by SMTP over
the Internet, it stores it temporarily locally and analyses
the recipients and delivers it to any local addressees and/or
forwards it to other remote MTAs (routing) for delivery to
remote recipients. In either case it may edit and/or add to
the message headers.
The most widely used MTA for Unix is sendmail, which
communicates using SMTP.
[Other OSes?]
RFC 2821 (SMTP) expands MTA as "Mail Transfer Agent" though
this is less common. Alternatives with "Transport" are also
seen but less correct.
(2007-06-01)